diff --git a/aiogram/exceptions.py b/aiogram/exceptions.py
index 1c1e59fb..7ca7dcdd 100644
--- a/aiogram/exceptions.py
+++ b/aiogram/exceptions.py
@@ -34,6 +34,8 @@ class UnsupportedKeywordArgument(DetailedAiogramError):
 
 
 class TelegramAPIError(DetailedAiogramError):
+    label: str = "Telegram server says"
+
     def __init__(
         self,
         method: TelegramMethod[TelegramType],
@@ -44,11 +46,11 @@ class TelegramAPIError(DetailedAiogramError):
 
     def __str__(self) -> str:
         original_message = super().__str__()
-        return f"Telegram server says {original_message}"
+        return f"{self.label} - {original_message}"
 
 
 class TelegramNetworkError(TelegramAPIError):
-    pass
+    label = "HTTP Client says"
 
 
 class TelegramRetryAfter(TelegramAPIError):
diff --git a/aiogram/utils/formatting.py b/aiogram/utils/formatting.py
index 45a19c9e..513d27fd 100644
--- a/aiogram/utils/formatting.py
+++ b/aiogram/utils/formatting.py
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ class Text(Iterable[NodeType]):
 
     @classmethod
     def from_entities(cls, text: str, entities: List[MessageEntity]) -> "Text":
-        return Text(
+        return cls(
             *_unparse_entities(
                 text=add_surrogates(text),
                 entities=sorted(entities, key=lambda item: item.offset) if entities else [],
@@ -145,13 +145,16 @@ class Text(Iterable[NodeType]):
         text, entities = self.render()
         return markdown_decoration.unparse(text, entities)
 
+    def replace(self: Self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Self:
+        return type(self)(*args, **{**self._params, **kwargs})
+
     def as_pretty_string(self, indent: bool = False) -> str:
         sep = ",\n" if indent else ", "
         body = sep.join(
             item.as_pretty_string(indent=indent) if isinstance(item, Text) else repr(item)
             for item in self._body
         )
-        params = sep.join(f"{k}={v!r}" for k, v in self._params.items())
+        params = sep.join(f"{k}={v!r}" for k, v in self._params.items() if v is not None)
 
         args = []
         if body:
@@ -164,12 +167,6 @@ class Text(Iterable[NodeType]):
             args_str = textwrap.indent("\n" + args_str + "\n", "    ")
         return f"{type(self).__name__}({args_str})"
 
-    def replace(self: Self, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any) -> Self:
-        return type(self)(*args, **{**self._params, **kwargs})
-
-    def __repr__(self) -> str:
-        return self.as_pretty_string()
-
     def __add__(self, other: NodeType) -> "Text":
         if isinstance(other, Text) and other.type == self.type and self._params == other._params:
             return type(self)(*self, *other, **self._params)
@@ -188,7 +185,7 @@ class Text(Iterable[NodeType]):
         if not isinstance(item, slice):
             raise TypeError("Can only be sliced")
         if (item.start is None or item.start == 0) and item.stop is None:
-            return self
+            return self.replace(*self._body)
         start = 0 if item.start is None else item.start
         stop = len(self) if item.stop is None else item.stop
         if start == stop:
@@ -369,7 +366,7 @@ class Pre(Text):
 
     type = MessageEntityType.PRE
 
-    def __init__(self, *body: NodeType, language: str, **params: Any) -> None:
+    def __init__(self, *body: NodeType, language: Optional[str] = None, **params: Any) -> None:
         super().__init__(*body, language=language, **params)
 
 
@@ -411,8 +408,8 @@ class CustomEmoji(Text):
 
     type = MessageEntityType.CUSTOM_EMOJI
 
-    def __init__(self, *body: NodeType, emoji_id: str, **params: Any) -> None:
-        super().__init__(*body, emoji_id=emoji_id, **params)
+    def __init__(self, *body: NodeType, custom_emoji_id: str, **params: Any) -> None:
+        super().__init__(*body, custom_emoji_id=custom_emoji_id, **params)
 
 
 NODE_TYPES: Dict[Optional[str], Type[Text]] = {
diff --git a/tests/test_utils/test_formatting.py b/tests/test_utils/test_formatting.py
new file mode 100644
index 00000000..5e14c4dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/test_utils/test_formatting.py
@@ -0,0 +1,319 @@
+import pytest
+
+from aiogram.enums import MessageEntityType
+from aiogram.types import MessageEntity, User
+from aiogram.utils.formatting import (
+    Bold,
+    BotCommand,
+    CashTag,
+    Code,
+    CustomEmoji,
+    Email,
+    HashTag,
+    Italic,
+    PhoneNumber,
+    Pre,
+    Spoiler,
+    Strikethrough,
+    Text,
+    TextLink,
+    TextMention,
+    Underline,
+    Url,
+    _apply_entity,
+    as_key_value,
+    as_line,
+    as_list,
+    as_marked_list,
+    as_marked_section,
+    as_numbered_list,
+    as_numbered_section,
+    as_section,
+)
+from aiogram.utils.text_decorations import html_decoration
+
+
+class TestNode:
+    @pytest.mark.parametrize(
+        "node,result",
+        [
+            [
+                Text("test"),
+                "test",
+            ],
+            [
+                HashTag("#test"),
+                "#test",
+            ],
+            [
+                CashTag("$TEST"),
+                "$TEST",
+            ],
+            [
+                BotCommand("/test"),
+                "/test",
+            ],
+            [
+                Url("https://example.com"),
+                "https://example.com",
+            ],
+            [
+                Email("test@example.com"),
+                "test@example.com",
+            ],
+            [
+                PhoneNumber("test"),
+                "test",
+            ],
+            [
+                Bold("test"),
+                "<b>test</b>",
+            ],
+            [
+                Italic("test"),
+                "<i>test</i>",
+            ],
+            [
+                Underline("test"),
+                "<u>test</u>",
+            ],
+            [
+                Strikethrough("test"),
+                "<s>test</s>",
+            ],
+            [
+                Spoiler("test"),
+                "<tg-spoiler>test</tg-spoiler>",
+            ],
+            [
+                Code("test"),
+                "<code>test</code>",
+            ],
+            [
+                Pre("test", language="python"),
+                '<pre><code class="language-python">test</code></pre>',
+            ],
+            [
+                TextLink("test", url="https://example.com"),
+                '<a href="https://example.com">test</a>',
+            ],
+            [
+                TextMention("test", user=User(id=42, is_bot=False, first_name="Test")),
+                '<a href="tg://user?id=42">test</a>',
+            ],
+            [
+                CustomEmoji("test", custom_emoji_id="42"),
+                '<tg-emoji emoji-id="42">test</tg-emoji>',
+            ],
+        ],
+    )
+    def test_render_plain_only(self, node: Text, result: str):
+        text, entities = node.render()
+        if node.type:
+            assert len(entities) == 1
+            entity = entities[0]
+            assert entity.type == node.type
+
+        content = html_decoration.unparse(text, entities)
+        assert content == result
+
+    def test_render_text(self):
+        node = Text("Hello, ", "World", "!")
+        text, entities = node.render()
+        assert text == "Hello, World!"
+        assert not entities
+
+    def test_render_nested(self):
+        node = Text(
+            Text("Hello, ", Bold("World"), "!"),
+            "\n",
+            Text(Bold("This ", Underline("is"), " test", Italic("!"))),
+            "\n",
+            HashTag("#test"),
+        )
+        text, entities = node.render()
+        assert text == "Hello, World!\nThis is test!\n#test"
+        assert entities == [
+            MessageEntity(type="bold", offset=7, length=5),
+            MessageEntity(type="bold", offset=14, length=13),
+            MessageEntity(type="underline", offset=19, length=2),
+            MessageEntity(type="italic", offset=26, length=1),
+            MessageEntity(type="hashtag", offset=28, length=5),
+        ]
+
+    def test_as_kwargs_default(self):
+        node = Text("Hello, ", Bold("World"), "!")
+        result = node.as_kwargs()
+        assert "text" in result
+        assert "entities" in result
+        assert "parse_mode" in result
+
+    def test_as_kwargs_custom(self):
+        node = Text("Hello, ", Bold("World"), "!")
+        result = node.as_kwargs(
+            text_key="caption",
+            entities_key="custom_entities",
+            parse_mode_key="custom_parse_mode",
+        )
+        assert "text" not in result
+        assert "caption" in result
+        assert "entities" not in result
+        assert "custom_entities" in result
+        assert "parse_mode" not in result
+        assert "custom_parse_mode" in result
+
+    def test_as_html(self):
+        node = Text("Hello, ", Bold("World"), "!")
+        assert node.as_html() == "Hello, <b>World</b>!"
+
+    def test_as_markdown(self):
+        node = Text("Hello, ", Bold("World"), "!")
+        assert node.as_markdown() == r"Hello, *World*\!"
+
+    def test_replace(self):
+        node0 = Text("test0", param0="test1")
+        node1 = node0.replace("test1", "test2", param1="test1")
+        assert node0._body != node1._body
+        assert node0._params != node1._params
+        assert "param1" not in node0._params
+        assert "param1" in node1._params
+
+    def test_add(self):
+        node0 = Text("Hello")
+        node1 = Bold("World")
+
+        node2 = node0 + Text(", ") + node1 + "!"
+        assert node0 != node2
+        assert node1 != node2
+        assert len(node0._body) == 1
+        assert len(node1._body) == 1
+        assert len(node2._body) == 3
+
+        text, entities = node2.render()
+        assert text == "Hello, World!"
+
+    def test_getitem_position(self):
+        node = Text("Hello, ", Bold("World"), "!")
+        with pytest.raises(TypeError):
+            node[2]
+
+    def test_getitem_empty_slice(self):
+        node = Text("Hello, ", Bold("World"), "!")
+        new_node = node[:]
+        assert new_node is not node
+        assert isinstance(new_node, Text)
+        assert new_node._body == node._body
+
+    def test_getitem_slice_zero(self):
+        node = Text("Hello, ", Bold("World"), "!")
+        new_node = node[2:2]
+        assert node is not new_node
+        assert isinstance(new_node, Text)
+        assert not new_node._body
+
+    def test_getitem_slice_simple(self):
+        node = Text("Hello, ", Bold("World"), "!")
+        new_node = node[2:10]
+        assert isinstance(new_node, Text)
+        text, entities = new_node.render()
+        assert text == "llo, Wor"
+        assert len(entities) == 1
+        assert entities[0].type == MessageEntityType.BOLD
+
+    def test_getitem_slice_inside_child(self):
+        node = Text("Hello, ", Bold("World"), "!")
+        new_node = node[8:10]
+        assert isinstance(new_node, Text)
+        text, entities = new_node.render()
+        assert text == "or"
+        assert len(entities) == 1
+        assert entities[0].type == MessageEntityType.BOLD
+
+    def test_getitem_slice_tail(self):
+        node = Text("Hello, ", Bold("World"), "!")
+        new_node = node[12:13]
+        assert isinstance(new_node, Text)
+        text, entities = new_node.render()
+        assert text == "!"
+        assert not entities
+
+    def test_from_entities(self):
+        # Most of the cases covered by text_decorations module
+
+        node = Strikethrough.from_entities(
+            text="test1 test2 test3 test4 test5 test6 test7",
+            entities=[
+                MessageEntity(type="bold", offset=6, length=29),
+                MessageEntity(type="underline", offset=12, length=5),
+                MessageEntity(type="italic", offset=24, length=5),
+            ],
+        )
+        assert len(node._body) == 3
+        assert isinstance(node, Strikethrough)
+        rendered = node.as_html()
+        assert rendered == "<s>test1 <b>test2 <u>test3</u> test4 <i>test5</i> test6</b> test7</s>"
+
+    def test_pretty_string(self):
+        node = Strikethrough.from_entities(
+            text="X",
+            entities=[
+                MessageEntity(
+                    type=MessageEntityType.CUSTOM_EMOJI,
+                    offset=0,
+                    length=1,
+                    custom_emoji_id="42",
+                ),
+            ],
+        )
+        assert (
+            node.as_pretty_string(indent=True)
+            == """Strikethrough(
+    Text(
+        'X',
+        custom_emoji_id='42'
+    )
+)"""
+        )
+
+
+class TestUtils:
+    def test_apply_entity(self):
+        node = _apply_entity(
+            MessageEntity(type=MessageEntityType.BOLD, offset=0, length=4), "test"
+        )
+        assert isinstance(node, Bold)
+        assert node._body == ("test",)
+
+    def test_as_line(self):
+        node = as_line("test", "test", "test")
+        assert isinstance(node, Text)
+        assert len(node._body) == 4  # 3 + '\n'
+
+    def test_as_list(self):
+        node = as_list("test", "test", "test")
+        assert isinstance(node, Text)
+        assert len(node._body) == 5  # 3 + 2 * '\n' between lines
+
+    def test_as_marked_list(self):
+        node = as_marked_list("test 1", "test 2", "test 3")
+        assert node.as_html() == "- test 1\n- test 2\n- test 3"
+
+    def test_as_numbered_list(self):
+        node = as_numbered_list("test 1", "test 2", "test 3", start=5)
+        assert node.as_html() == "5. test 1\n6. test 2\n7. test 3"
+
+    def test_as_section(self):
+        node = as_section("title", "test 1", "test 2", "test 3")
+        assert node.as_html() == "title\ntest 1test 2test 3"
+
+    def test_as_marked_section(self):
+        node = as_marked_section("Section", "test 1", "test 2", "test 3")
+        assert node.as_html() == "Section\n- test 1\n- test 2\n- test 3"
+
+    def test_as_numbered_section(self):
+        node = as_numbered_section("Section", "test 1", "test 2", "test 3", start=5)
+        assert node.as_html() == "Section\n5. test 1\n6. test 2\n7. test 3"
+
+    def test_as_key_value(self):
+        node = as_key_value("key", "test 1")
+        assert node.as_html() == "<b>key:</b> test 1"